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Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis
Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis is the electrolysis of water in a cell equipped with a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)〔(2012 - PEM water electrolysis fundamentals )〕 that is responsible for the conduction of protons, separation of product gases, and electrical insulation of the electrodes. The PEM electroyzer was introduced to overcome the issues of partial load, low current density, and low pressure operation currently plaguing the alkaline electrolyzer.〔(2014 - Development of water electrolysis in the European Union )〕 Electrolysis is an important new technology for the production of hydrogen to be used as an energy carrier. With fast dynamic response times, large operational ranges, high efficiencies, and very high gas purities (99.999%),〔 PEM electrolysis is a promising alternative for energy storage coupled with renewable energy sources.
==History==
The use of a PEM for electrolysis was first introduced in the 1960s by General Electric, developed to overcome the drawbacks to the alkaline electrolyis technology. The initial performances yielded 1.88 V at 1.0 A/cm2 which was, compared to the alkaline electrolysis technology of that time, very efficient. In the late 1970s the alkaline electrolyzers were reporting performances around 2.06 V at 0.215 A/cm2, thus prompting a sudden interest in the late 1970s and early 1980s in polymer electrolytes for water electrolysis.
A thorough review of the historical performance from the early research to that of today can be found in chronological order with many of the operating conditions in the 2013 review by Carmo et al.〔
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